Which philosopher is associated with the phrase "The end justifies the means"?

The phrase "The end justifies the means" is most commonly associated with Niccolò Machiavelli, particularly in the context of political philosophy. Machiavelli, an Italian Renaissance thinker, emphasized the importance of pragmatic decision-making in governance. He suggested that rulers might need to employ morally questionable tactics if those actions would ultimately lead to a desired outcome or the stability of the state. This perspective reflects a consequentialist viewpoint, where the ethical value of an act is determined by its outcomes rather than the actions themselves.

Machiavelli's ideas are encapsulated in his famous work, "The Prince," where he discusses the complexities of power and the moral ambiguities that may arise in political leadership. His assertion provides a stark contrast to moral theories that emphasize duty or virtue, which is why he’s often a central figure in discussions about ethics in leadership and politics. This understanding positions Machiavelli’s philosophy as foundational in the study of political ethics and realpolitik.